>>60753812 (OP)Let's say you, me, and Bob live in an isolated community run by a small government. Bob makes 100 grams of drugs weekly and sells it to everyone in the community. You and I do the same with alcohol and guns, respectively.
For simplicity's sake, let's say both your and my income is $1, and we use that to buy drugs. Bob, wanting to move all of his drugs for maximum profit, sets the price at 50 grams of dope for $1. Bob gets the most money possible, and we get the most drugs possible. Everybody wins.
Now, let's say the government comes in and says they want more guns. So they print an extra dollar out of thin air and use it to buy my guns. Now my income is $2 but yours is still $1. When it's drug buying time, I tell Bob I want to buy $2 worth. BUT Bob doesn't have enough supply to sell both of us $3 of drugs at the current price! Wanting to maximize profits, Bob raises the price of drugs so that $1 only buys 33.33 grams (or $1.50 for 50 grams).
Now, Bob gets $3 and still gets to sell all of his drugs (Win). I get more drugs; 66.66 grams (Win). You, however get less drugs and everyone pays a higher price (Lose). So, the government increased the monetary supply by 50% and prices increased by 50%.
Now, this is just a controlled thought experiment to illustrate the concept in its purest form. If you add more complexity (different markets, types of actors, types of demand, investment, etc) the direct monetary supply to price of goods relationship gets muddled.