>>24563537 (OP)There are different schools of thought. I don’t use em-dash quite like that.
We have three horizontal lines in punctuation:
hyphen -
en-dash –
em-dash —
They all have several meanings for lists and so on, but here are the main uses in “normal” prose:
HYPHEN is to link two words:
>I went into the jungle and saw a man-eating tiger.Many /lit/ anons don’t seem to have a hyphen on their keyboards. Do primary schools not teach punctuation these days or something? Try removing the hyphen from the above example. It practically reverses the meaning.
EN-DASH is used mostly in a linked pair, to denote an interpolation:
>Bob was tired – exhausted, really – but he knew that people were still wrong on the internet and no-one was going to correct them but him.Grammatically, whenever you can use linked en-dashes, you can use parentheses:
>Bob was tired (exhausted, really) but he knew that people were still wrong on the internet and no-one was going to correct them but him.So what's the difference? I don't know of any strict technical thing. It’s more a matter of tone. En-dashes are more vigorous and emphasize the interpolation more. Parentheses have a tone more like “this bit is optional extra information, so you can skip it without huge harm done”.
Of course having said that, writers often use parentheses ‘ironically’; i.e. putting their big punch in parentheses and just pretending it's unimportant. For example:
>Bob felt a little sick (perhaps that fourth cheeseburger had been a mistake) but he still knew he had to fight against the tide of wrongness on the internet.EM-DASH should be for a more substantial break which stands alone, not one of a pair. For example:
>Bob, having checked his post a tenth time, proudly pressed Enter — only to see the typo which would, he knew, be seized on gleefully by all the other anons in the thread.You can also use an em-dash after a full stop, etc, to sort-of link two sentences in a sort-of dynamic way:
>Bob was very happy to see the typo in his opponent’s post. — A close shave; without that, he would surely have lost the argument!Hard to describe this one really. Lots of old writers really love this and they all use it differently.
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OK, this is how I tend to use them, but as I said, there are different schools of thought in some of the details. For example OP’s picture uses em-dashes where I would use en-dashes.