>>513311474>AlgebraInventor: Al-Khwarizmi
Developed methods for solving equations; the word "algebra" comes from his work.
>Optics & Camera ObscuraInventor: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
Laid the foundation for the study of light and vision; invented the camera obscura.
>Chemistry (Alchemy & Distillation)Inventor: Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
Developed laboratory techniques like distillation and crystallization.
>Surgery Instruments & TechniquesInventor: Al-Zahrawi (Abu al-Qasim)
Pioneered surgical tools and techniques; wrote a major medical encyclopedia.
>AstrolabeInventor: Various Islamic scholars
Refined the astrolabe, an important tool for navigation and astronomy.
>Water ClockInventor: Al-Jazari
Created elaborate water clocks to measure time.
>Hospital SystemsInventor: Various scholars (e.g., Ibn Sina, Al-Razi)
Established the first public hospitals focused on treatment and research.
>Arabic Numerals & ZeroInventor: Indian scholars (spread by Arabs)
Introduced the numeral system and the concept of zero to the West.
>Crankshaft & Mechanical DevicesInventor: Al-Jazari
Invented the crankshaft and created mechanical devices like automated clocks.
>Paper ManufacturingInventor: Arabs (adopted from China)
Improved papermaking and spread it throughout the Islamic world.
>CompassInventor: Various Islamic scholars
Refined the compass for navigation, especially in trade and exploration.
>WindmillInventor: Various Islamic engineers
Developed the windmill for tasks like grinding grain and pumping water.
>Medical Instruments (e.g., Scalpels & Forceps)Inventor: Various Islamic scholars
Designed precise surgical instruments used in early surgeries.
>University (Madrasah)Inventor: Various scholars
Founded the first major universities like Al-Qarawiyyin and Al-Azhar.