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Here’s what historians and biblical scholars can say with some confidence, and where it stays speculative:
1. Paul’s comment and cultural context
Paul’s remark in 1 Corinthians 11:14 reflects Greco-Roman norms of the mid-1st century, where short hair on men was generally the fashion. He was addressing how the Corinthian church should present itself in public worship, not issuing a timeless decree on hairstyles.
2. Jewish practice in Jesus’ time
Jesus was a Galilean Jew. Jewish men of that era usually wore beards—Leviticus even discourages shaving the “edges” of the beard. Hair length varied: most everyday Jewish men probably kept hair fairly short (by their standards) but not cropped as tightly as elite Romans did.
3. Nazarite vow vs. “Nazarene”
Sometimes people connect Jesus with the Old-Testament Nazir (Nazarite) vow, which involved not cutting one’s hair. But the Gospels call him a Nazarene (from the town of Nazareth), not a lifelong Nazarite. So there’s no scriptural basis for assuming he had uncut, Samson-like hair.
4. Artistic tradition vs. evidence
The familiar image of Jesus with shoulder-length hair and a neatly parted beard developed centuries later, influenced by Greco-Roman depictions of philosophers and by Byzantine art. Earlier Christian art—3rd-century catacombs, for instance—often shows him clean-shaven and short-haired.
5. The Shroud of Turin
Even if the shroud were authentic (which is debated), its image reflects medieval iconography as much as anything. Radiocarbon tests place the cloth in the Middle Ages, though some researchers still dispute that.