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Female education and women in the workforce.
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Sources:
Lutz, W., Cuaresma, J. C., & Sanderson, W. (2014). The demography of educational attainment and economic growth.Science, 319(5866), 1047–1048.
Global model shows education—especially for women—is the strongest demographic driver of slower population growth.
Martin, T. C., & Juárez, F. (1995). The impact of women’s education on fertility in Latin America: Searching for explanations. International Family Planning Perspectives, 21(2), 52–80.
Across Latin America, women with secondary schooling have roughly half the fertility of women with no schooling.
McCrary, J., & Royer, H. (2006). The effect of female education on fertility and infant health: Evidence from school-entry policies using exact date of birth. NBER Working Paper 12329.
Natural experiment: additional schooling lowers fertility.
Osili, U. O., & Long, B. T. (2008). Does female schooling reduce fertility? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Development Economics, 87(1), 57–75.
One extra year of schooling reduces fertility by about 0.26 births per woman.
Shapiro, D., & Gebreselassie, T. (2014). Fertility transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Falling and stalling. African Population Studies, 28(1).
Increases in women’s secondary education are the most consistent predictor of fertility decline.
Women’s education, marriage, and fertility outcomes: Evidence from Thailand’s compulsory schooling law. (2023). SUNY Geneseo Research Brief. Extending compulsory schooling from six to nine years reduced total fertility rates.