>>81482950These studies and many others include Hispanic/Latino into White samples, because hispanic (we include latino here) is regarded as an optional category. In US crime statistics, most hispanics are tracked as white, which the ACLU discusses here: https://www.aclu.org/news/smart-justice/war-marijuana-has-latino-data-problem?redirect=blog%2Fcriminal-law-reform-racial-justice%2Fwar-marijuana-has-latino-data-problem
>Race and ethnicity: The UCR tracks crime for the racial category of "White" to include both Hispanic and non-Hispanic ethnicities. According to the ACLU, with over 50 million Latinos residing in the United States, this hides the incarceration rates for Latinos vis-a-vis marijuana-related offenses, as they are considered "White" with respect to the UCRHere is the definition of hispanic according to bjs.gov, which is self reported:
>A person who describes himself or herself as Mexican etc., [cut]and non:
>Persons who report their culture or origin as something other than "Hispanic" as defined above. This distinction is made regardless of race.Source: [1]
Not to mention that the US legal definition of White in most areas including the Census until 2024 was Euro, Middle Eastern, and North African.
Source: https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2024/04/updates-race-ethnicity-standards.html
And if you want evidence of what the ACLU is saying, look at my attached screenshot or go to quite literally any jail/arrest record website and look at the race/ethnicity of hispanic arrestees. The majority of cases are listed as White. This problem is ubiquitous in criminology, science, sociology, etc. In science, the greatest problem is that verifying the ethnicity without a simple self identification is not possible without genetic testing, which for many teams is not feasible without access to a lot of funding.
I can give you more sources besides just the ACLU and wikipedia, but I wanted to give you the easiest access without big reads.