>>63851314
Concerning autoloading ammo, for reliable performance assuming good shot placement;
>minimum cartridge for ideal target presentation
380acp 90gr
>minimum cartridge for typical target presentation
9mm 124gr
>minimum cartridge for adverse/occluded target presentation
40s&w 180gr

Not saying lesser calibers won't sometimes get the same results under the same circumstances as greater ones, just that under ~2200fps impact velocity there's no replacement for displacement.

Bones, autoglass, wood, metal etc. all have mass, they all exert that mass against projectiles impacting them, as the projectile displaces hard barriers, the barriers displace the projectile, how much they displace a projectile is dependant on how much it weighs.