>>16722024 (OP)Weyl - Kant and Husserl.
Einstein - other anon already mentioned Spinoza, but he also greatly enjoyed Hume and Schopenhauer.
Schrodinger - Schopenhauer.
Godel - Plato, Leibniz, Husserl.
von Helmholtz - Kant, you should look up Neo-Kantianism.
Heisenberg - was friends with Heidegger and engaged in discussion with him.