Aqidahs and other systems of theology, besides the instuitionalization of madhabs occured over time. A lot of this occured through various forms of state governance with the development of dominance of the Quraish tribe being the main factor. However, even there was huge differences at the local levels and even at the level of caliphates when we look at arcehology. Preorthodox Islam, before development of categories like Sunni and Shia is very different from anything we have know. Pic related. A lot of reinterpretation into what we have know itself was a product of states.