>>507750281
Ukraine is extremely dysfunctional. Ukraine is the only European ex USSR country that was significantly poorer in 2021 than it was in 1991. This was despite not being under any sanctions or having any obvious hindrances in development. Compare with for example Belarus which managed far better, despite not joining the EU or having any particular natural resource advantages
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD?locations=UA-BY

As for Poland, they are the welfare queen of the EU. Also, Polish low skill labor was a huge problem for a long while until Poland managed to get their act together. Polish labor was a significant factor in Brexit