>>510927516
Before modern medicine large tracts of Africa were not fit for human cohabitation due insect spread diseases being common in the area, this coupled with a difficult geography and lacking fluvial systems made it hard to unify large swathes of territories under one power which in turn would defend its borders against invaders, the only exception being Mali, which was capable to prosper for centuries and whose armies defended its denizens against enemy raiding parties while despoiling them.
Across space and time this is always the same pattern, ant colonies, bee hives, gregary vertebrate troops, with humanity being the latest and greatest iteration, even in recent times we saw russians taking away ukrainian children during their invasion of Ukraine to ensure they can bolster their own decimated numbers, similarly western US hegemony uses tools of cultural and economic domination to ensure a steady supply of human resources to sustain their pure-intellect antinatalist world-cities.
Once europeans brought in technics of fast transportation and communication the subsaharan black nations started enforcing their own rule, this process is still evolving but ultimately the end result is always the same, large states whose dominion and monopoly of violence is for the most part ensured.