On one hand, hell, perceived as the lowest level in this Buddhist cosmos, embodies seclusion, enclosure, and torture. Hell is the only realm where humans retain their human form outside the realm of humans and coexist with demonic guardians. In hell, the human body becomes an inescapable site of torture.

On the other hand, hell engages in constant exchanges with other realms as much as the six realms are physically separated. This continuous interaction is attributed to the unceasing transmigration of sentient beings who enter and exit hell. Everything in this Buddhist cosmos, including the torture in hell, is seen as a consequence rather than gratuitous, reflecting the virtuous and evil deeds of the recipient in the past.