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Before the 1980 coup, Turks did have visa-free access to the EU (it was called EEC back then) because of the 1963 Ankara Agreement. But the military junta asked European countries to reimplement visas because people claimed asylum to escape the repression.

France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands imposed the visa in 1980. Denmark in 1981, the UK and Ireland in 1989.