Benefits are doled out over the course of the month. Different states do it different ways. Some by first letter of the last name, some by SS#, some by when the recipient first applied. Only a small number of people were expecting a deposit into their account on the first. Some states don't even do their first monthly disbursement until the 5th.
Most people still have money from October on their cards. They can continue using the money that's there. When it runs out, if funding hasn't been restored, most will simply not pay some other bill.
As far as food pantries go, don't count on them having enough to go around. That food is usually for people who only need to get through a short period of not being able to afford food. That happened once when I was a kid when my mother lost her job and it took her a month to find a new one. When she got hired, we were out of money, so the food pantry covered our needs until her first paycheck. We never received food stamps because she was only unemployed for a month. If all the people who are now on food stamps suddenly start showing up at food pantries, they'll quickly run out of food.