>>715718846
it's sometimes either or, but definitely both to some degree
both AMEX and Discover share infrastructure with VISA/MC, so they're sometime unable to protest even if they want to
JCB is currently Japan's champion, allowing the majority of stores to keep their content intact, but they've rescinded international reach a couple years ago
from Japanese reports, it's apparently VISA agents sifting through sites, and MC has shown an instance of deviation in continuing to support Yuzusoft when VISA pulled out