not that it would/should change, this is just a fun thought experiment.
I'd make posts auto-lock or auto-sage after X number of days (determined by board, similar to sage limit) so that necroposting wouldn't happen. also get rid of the archive and thread pruning after 10 pages. instead, you could see posts from years and years ago, kind of like a more normal forum. maybe prune reply images after a year to save on disk space. I think there's a lot of valuable information on 4chan that disappears after a while. delete IP addresses after they hit autosage for sure.
I remember a discussion here about "why don't we have user registration" and there were some ideas about letting anyone make posts, but you need to have an account to upload images and/or make new threads. I think that'd be a good idea too, to combat spam and/or illegal content. I know that email addresses are free, but it adds another barrier of entry. it's not perfect, and it wouldn't be 4chan, but it might make things easier to clean up problem posters. if you have a user account, then you could have a tripcode assigned to your account and optionally (default: off) include it with your post.
how would you change 4chad? leave your ideas in the comments below, and don't forget to like and subscribe