Suppression of testosterone production: Alcohol interferes with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, reducing luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which are necessary for testosterone synthesis.
Testicular damage: Alcohol (and its metabolite acetaldehyde) can directly damage Leydig cells in the testes, where testosterone is made.
Increased estrogen: Alcohol raises aromatase activity, an enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen, leading to lower testosterone and higher estrogen.
Liver effects: Chronic alcohol use can damage the liver, reducing its ability to metabolize estrogen, further tipping the balance toward lower testosterone.
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