>>76466013 (OP)
There are a number of reasons to do with hormones, CNS activation, neurotransmitters, insulin/bloodsugar, and catabolic/anabolic states.
A lot of these go up and down with a caloric surplus or a caloric deficit. On top of this the definition of a caloric surplus is a bit vague and hard to define.
an example might be: you eat a shitload of food, your body begins digesting it and signals to your brain to release more dopamine than normal. Dopamine helps recruit more muscle during exercise and importantly more recruiting of muscle will strengthen synaptic pathways leading to more recruitment in the future.
Now that more of your brain is synaptically linked to do X exercise there is more available bandwidth on the CNS to allow for more muscle growth as a result.
There is probably some feedback function of the CNS in this case where parts of the CNS that were recruited for muscle use and not actually connected or used directly with muscle will signal the muscle to grow to meet this surplus of CNS.
this is just my understanding, could be complete bullshit.