>Taurus: From Latin Taurus (from taurus (“bull”)), from Ancient Greek Ταῦρος (Taûros), from Proto-Hellenic *táuros, from Proto-Indo-European *táwros; borrowed from or into Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- (“bull, ox”), or both originated from a common unknown source. (The unconditioned /a/ suggests a non-Indo-European etymon)

>The earliest-known domestication of the aurochs dates to the Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent, where cattle hunted and kept by Neolithic farmers gradually decreased in size between 9800 and 7500 BC. Aurochs bones found at Mureybet and Göbekli Tepe are larger in size than cattle bones from later Neolithic settlements in northern Syria like Dja'de el-Mughara and Tell Halula. In Late Neolithic sites of northern Iraq and western Iran dating to the sixth millennium BC, cattle remains are also smaller but more frequent, indicating that domesticated cattle were imported during the Halaf culture from the central Fertile Crescent region. Results of genetic research indicate that the modern taurine cattle (Bos taurus) arose from 80 aurochs tamed in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria about 10,500 years ago. Taurine cattle spread into the Balkans and northern Italy along the Danube River and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea

>Hybridisation between male aurochs and early domestic cattle occurred in central Europe between 9500 and 1000 BC. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences of Italian aurochs specimens dated to 17–7,000 years ago and 51 modern cattle breeds revealed some degree of introgression of aurochs genes into south European cattle, indicating that female aurochs had contact with free-ranging domestic cattle. Cattle bones of various sizes found at a Chalcolithic settlement in the Kutná Hora District provide further evidence for hybridisation of aurochs and domestic cattle between 3000 and 2800 BC in the Bohemian region

>>17791243 (OP)
another brazilian thread to create intrigue?
first of all if you retard, get yamnaya out of your head. the yamnaya did not receive the cattle from the "CHG", because the yamnaya did not even mix with them in the first place. the ancestors of the yamnaya (progress) were the ones who mixed, so any kind of direct relationship with them is unlikely. Maykop already had ancestry from the steppes
and the cattle are not "chg", but Anatolian. and the yamnaya and indeed anyone from the Volga region received their pastoralist traditions long before the bronze age.
by the way, I'm pretty sure that this garbage etymology you used is not accepted, but I'm driving home, when I get there, I can shut you up

>>17791243 (OP)
Tard, Did you confuse "cattle" with the animal "bull"? Do you realize what "collective nouns" are? Furthermore, the word is reconstructed as \*gʷṓws

De Vaan, Michiel at no point says that this word is of non-IE origin.
and the word "táwros" itself, is best credited as having uncertain etymology. the basis for this theory is basically the unconditioned /a, it may be of uncertain origin, and as the other anon said, the first people to domesticate cattle were peoples close to Anatolia. so maybe this is the origin

>>17791243 (OP)
>Sanskrit आर्य (ā́rya, “noble; noble one”) + -n, from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Áryas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Áryas (“Aryan”), from Proto-Indo-European h2eryós ("member of one's own group, peer, freeman"), from verbal root *h2er-, meaning 'to put together', possibly a loanword from Proto-Afro-Asiatic *ħər (“free, noble”)

>>17791298
>from verbal root *h2er-, meaning 'to put together
the suffix used is *-u-, while in the other it is *-i̯o-. The suffix *-u- is adjectival in nature. The basic unit of meaning derives from the root *h2er-, therefore, to establish the relationship between the words, it is sufficient to demonstrate that they share the same root. It is essential to note that Proto-Indo-European presented a phenomenon known as ablaut, in which vowels could undergo changes. In this context, *h2er- represents the "e degree" of the root, while *h2or- corresponds to the "o degree

If it came from somewhere it is likely agriculture in general came from the southern ancestry as Europeans did not develop agriculture on our own. However the problem is that CHG/EHG mixes existed way before Yamnaya. So it is possible that they developed agriculture after the mixing from some trade relations.

>>17791298
>>17791310
I graduated in linguistics from the University of Sao Paulo in 2018 and I can say, you are ignorant in linguistics
my chart that I made with my wife is based on sources read
Aryan is 100% European and blond my ancestors are Germans from the south

>>17791328
By the way, I forgot to use the tripcode, since you guys love to impersonate me

>>17791262
>>17791285
I only saw this word on an Leddit iceberg and I went to research/posted the populad etymology and the place of origin where the ancestors of domestic cattle appeared, your complex squizos.

>>17791328
>University of Sao Paulo in 2018
Kek

>>17791336
>popular
Fix'd.

>>17791328
>>17791333
>>17791337

>>17791351

>>17791351
This is the guy who makes those Aryan term threads haha he keeps spamming this table and when he was confronted, he would have a mental breakdown kek

>>17791328
anon... why would a Brazilian make a table like this? do you have any kind of larp?

>>17791353
>Brazilians are less mixed than other Latinx
>they look like more gigamutts than them
Iberian blood is really cursed.

>>17791353
>>17791371
Some of that "African" might be from the Portuguese ancestry itself. The one drop rule doesn't make sense in Brazil because the Moortuguese were never pure.

>>17791404
More or less, it came from the Canarians/Guanches.

>In 2017, the first genome-wide data analysis of the ethnic Guanche confirmed a North African origin, genetically being most similar to ancient North African Berber peoples of the mainland African deserts

>Maca-Meyer et al. 2003 extracted 71 samples of mtDNA from Guanches buried at numerous Canary Islands (c. 1000 AD). The examined Guanches were found to have closest genetic affinities to modern Moroccan Berbers, Canary Islanders and Spaniards. They carried a significantly high amount of the maternal haplogroup U6b1. U6b1 is found at very low frequencies in North Africa today, and it was suggested that later developments have significantly altered the Berber gene pool. The authors of the study suggested that the Guanches were descended from migrants from mainland North Africa related to the Berbers, and that the Guanches contributed 42–73% to the maternal gene pool of modern Canary Islanders

>Fregel et al. 2009a extracted 30 samples of Y-DNA from Guanches of the Canary Islands. These belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a*, (3.33%), E1b1b1a* (23.33%), E1b1b1b* (26.67%), I* (6.67%), J1* (16.67%), K*, P* (3.33%), and R1b1b2 (10.00%). E1a*, E1b1b1a* and E1b1b1b* are common lineages among Berbers, and their high frequency among the Guanches were considered evidence that they were migrants from North Africa. R1b1b2 and I* are very common in lineages in Europe, and their moderate frequency among the examined Guanche males was suggested to have been a result of prehistoric gene flow from Europe into the region across the Mediterranean. It was found that Guanche males contributed less to the gene pool of modern Canary Islanders than Guanche females (as would be expected from the extremely bloody conquest of the islands)

>>17791429
>Haplogroups typical among the Guanche have been found at high frequencies in Latin America, suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas

>Fregel et al. 2009b extracted the mtDNA of 30 Guanches from La Palma, (Benahoaritas). 93% of their mtDNA haplogroups were found to be of West Eurasian origin, while 7% were of sub-Saharan African origin. About 15% of their West Eurasian maternal lineages are specific to Europe and the Near East rather than North Africa, suggesting that the Benahoaritas traced partial descent from either of these regions. The examined Benahoaritas were found to have high frequencies of the maternal haplogroups U6b1 and H1-16260. U6b1 has not been found in North Africa, while H1-16260 is "extremely rare." The results suggested that the North African population from whom the Benahoaritas and other Guanches descended has been largely replaced by subsequent migrations

>Pereira et al. 2010 studies the origins of the maternal haplogroup U6, which is characteristic of Guanches. It was suggested that the U6 was brought to North Africa by Cro-Magnon-like humans from the Near East during the Upper Paleolithic, who were probably responsible for the formation of the Iberomaurusian culture. It was also suggested that the maternal haplogroup H1, also frequent among Guanches, was brought to North Africa during the Holocene by migrants from Iberia, who may have participated in the formation of the Capsian culture. In a further study, Secher et al. 2014 suggested that U6 was brought to the Levant from Central Europe in the Upper Paleolithic by people of the Aurignacian culture, forming the Levantine Aurignacian (c. 33000 BC), whose descendants had then further spread U6 as part of a remigration into Africa. U6b1a was suggested to have been brought to the Canary Islands during the initial wave of settlement by Guanches, while U6c1 was suggested to have been brought in a second wave

>>17791450
>Fregel et al. 2015 examined the mtDNA of Guanches of La Gomera (Gomeros). 65% of the examined Gomeros were found to be carriers of the maternal haplogroup U6b1a. The Gomero appeared to be descended from the earliest wave of settlers to the Canary Islands. The maternal haplogroups T2c1 and U6c1 may have been introduced in a second wave of colonization affecting the other islands. It was noted that 44% of modern La Gomerans carry U6b1a. It was determined that La Gomerans have the highest amount of Guanche ancestry among modern Canary Islanders

>Ordóñez et al. 2017 examined the remains of a large number of Guanches of El Hierro (Bimbache) buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro (c. 1015–1200 AD). The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a (1 sample), E1b1b1a1 (7 samples) and R1b1a2 (R1b-M269) (7 samples). All the extracted samples of mtDNA belonged to the maternal haplogroup H1-1626. The Bimbache were identified as descendants of the first wave of Guanche settlers on the Canary Islands, as they lacked the paternal and maternal lineages identified with the hypothetical second wave

>Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017 examined the atDNA of 11 Guanches buried at Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The 3 samples of Y-DNA extracted all belonged to the paternal haplogroup E1b1b1b1a1 (E-M183), while the 11 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups H1cf, H2a, L3b1a (3 samples), T2c12, U6b1a (3 samples), J1c3 and U6b.It was determined that the examined Guanches were genetically similar between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, and that they displayed closest genetic affinity to modern North Africans, "but with a tendency (especially for individuals from Gran Canaria) to occupy a space outside modern Northwest African variation, closer to Europeans." The evidence supported the notion that the Guanches were descended from a Berber-like population who had migrated from mainland North Africa

>>17791467
>Among modern populations, Guanches were also found to be genetically similar to modern Sardinians. Some models found the Guanche to be more closely related to modern Sardinians than modern North Africans. They were determined to be carriers of Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry, which probably spread into North Africa from Iberia during the Neolithic, or perhaps also later. One Guanche was also found to have ancestry related to European hunter-gatherers, providing further evidence of prehistoric gene flow from Europe. It was estimated that modern Canary Islanders derive 16–31% of their atDNA from the Guanches. Furthermore, according to the phenotype analysis, these Guanche samples were showing light and medium skin, dark hair and brown eyes

>Fregel et al. 2018 examined remains at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud, Morocco (c. 3780–3650 BC). The Kelif el Boroud people were modeled as being equally descended from people buried at the Neolithic sites of Ifri N'Ammar, Morocco (c. 5325–4786 BC) and the Cave of El Toro, Spain (c. 5280–4750 BC). The Kelif el Boroud were thus determined to have carried 50% EEF ancestry, which may have spread with the Cardial Ware culture from Iberia to North Africa during the Neolithic. After the Kelif el Boroud people, additional European ancestry may have been brought to the region from Iberia by people of the Bell Beaker culture. Guanches were found to the genetically very similar to the Kelif el Boroud people. In a 2020 review Fregel et al. identified European Bronze Age ancestry in the Guanches, which could be explained by "the presence of Bell-Beaker pottery in the North African archaeological record," as well as observing a certain admixture "possibly related to trans-Saharan migrations"

>>17791477
>Fregel et al. 2019 examined the mtDNA of 48 Guanches buried on all the islands of the Canaries. They were found to be carrying maternal lineages characteristic of North Africa, Europe and the Near East, with Eurasian lineages centered around the Mediterranean being the most common. It was suggested that some of these Eurasian haplogroups had arrived in the region through Chalcolithic and Bronze Age migrations from Europe. Genetic diversity was found to be the highest at Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, while Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and particularly La Gomera and El Hierro had low diversity. Significant genetic differences were detected between Guanches of western and eastern islands, which supported the notion that Guanches were descended from two distinct migration waves. It was considered significant that 40% of all examined Guanches so far belonged to the maternal haplogroup H

>Serrano et al. 2023 analysed genome-wide data from 49 Guanche individuals, whose ancestry was modelled as comprising 73.3% Morocco Late Neolithic, 6.9% Morocco Early Neolithic, 13.4% Germany Bell Beaker and 6.4% Mota, on average, with Germany Bell Beaker ancestry reaching 16.2% and 17.9% in samples from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote respectively. The mtDNA results indicated some heterogeneity, as many islands had a greater affinity with populations from Europe, while others were more akin to ancient individuals from prehistoric North Africa. Overall, they formed a cluster with Late Neolithic Moroccans and contemporary North Africans, these observations said to be consistent with other studies

>>17791429
>>17791450
>>17791467
>>17791477
>>17791484
>Haplogroups typical among the Guanche have been found at high frequencies in Latin America, suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas

>Isleños (Spanish: [isˈleɲos]) are the descendants of Canarian settlers and immigrants to present-day Louisiana, Puerto Rico, Texas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and other parts of the Americas. In these places, the name isleño (Spanish for 'islander') was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as "peninsulars" (Spanish: peninsulares). Formerly used for the general category of people, it now refers to the specific cultural

>The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants, from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century, when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni, Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century. Beginning in the 1970s, they began to immigrate to other European countries, although immigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s

>The Canary Islander immigration to the Americas began as early as 1492, with the first voyage of Columbus and did not end until the early 1980s. The Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands had only recently occurred (1402–1496), when Columbus made a stopover in the Canary Islands for supplies in 1501. Also in 1501 (possibly 1502), Nicolás de Ovando left the Canary Islands with a group of people heading to the island of Hispaniola

>In the first half of the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors, some of whom settled permanently in the Americas themselves, organized several groups of people chosen in the Canary Islands to colonize parts of Latin America including Mexico, Buenos Aires, Peru, New Granada and La Florida

>>17791503
>There followed other groups who settled in Santo Domingo and Cuba in the second half of the 16th century. In 1611, about 10 Canarian families were sent to Santiago del Prado, Cuba, and by the Royal Decree of May 6, 1663, 800 Canarian families were sent to settle in Santo Domingo; it is assumed this was to avert the danger that the French might seize it, since they already had occupied what is now Haiti

>In 1678, the Spanish crown enacted the so-called Tributo de Sangre (Blood Tribute); this was a Spanish law stipulating that for every thousand tons of cargo shipped from Spanish America to Spain, 50 Canarian families would be sent to the Americas to populate regions having low populations of Peninsulares, or Spanish-born Spaniards. Consequently, during the late 17th and 18th century, hundreds of Canarian families moved to Venezuela, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, with others going to places like Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina or the south of the present United States. These families were sent to populate various parts of Latin America

>The Tributo de Sangre was finally abolished in 1764. Despite that, many Canarians continued to migrate to the Americas to escape grinding poverty at home. After the liberation of the Latin American countries from Spanish rule (1811–1825), Spain retained only Cuba and Puerto Rico as colonies in the Americas. It abolished slavery in those colonies, and encouraged Canarian immigration. Most Canarian immigrants then immigrated to the two islands in the Caribbean, where their labor was exploited and they were paid very little. There were, however, also thousands of Canarians who immigrated to other countries including Venezuela, Uruguay and Argentina. After the annexation of Cuba and Puerto Rico to the United States and the prohibition of Canarian immigration to Puerto Rico in 1898, immigration was directed primarily to Cuba, with certain flows to other countries

>>17791243 (OP)
>(The unconditioned /a/ suggests a non-Indo-European etymon)
Yeah this reasoning is pretty weak. The way PIE is described as typologically odd without even having /a/ (only [a] in special environments) deserves skepticism, but there are apparently numerous counterexamples showing that ταῦρος could be a regular development from PIE *tóuros.

ῥαιβός (rhaibós) "crooked, bent" is a similar word. Its cognate in Gothic is
𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌵𐍃 (wraiqs) "crooked". In PIE this root would be
*wroig-
with Greek showing *wroig-wós > *wraigʷós > rhaibós

>>17791243 (OP)
Dios mío... El mestizaje maligno de las Europas

>>17791524
>(especially Argentina and Uruguay). After 1936, most Canarian immigrants went to Cuba and Venezuela until 1948, after which most of the islanders began immigrating to Venezuela. Since the 1970s Canarian emigration has decreased and from the early 1980s, with the improvement of the Canary Islands' economy (and Spain's in general, until the economic crisis of 2008), Canarian emigration has diminished

>Little is known about any Canary immigration to Brazil. It is known, however, that since the 16th century, the Canary Islands were a transit point for European vessels bound for the Americas (many of them to Brazil), and it is likely that some of them were carrying Canarians to the Portuguese colony. Due to the difficult circumstances of travel, several expeditions that had left Lanzarote for Uruguay were forced to end their passage in other places, such as Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina island. By 1812, a small group of Canarians (all of them from Lanzarote) lived on Santa Catarina island, in the south of Brazil

>A study by W.F. Piazza notes that parish records from 1814 to 1818 show 20 families from Lanzarote living there. Rixo Alvarez speaks of the expeditions of Polycarp Medinilla, a Portuguese based in Lanzarote, and Agustín González Brito, from Arrecife. The settlers from Lanzarote were forced to disembark in Rio de Janeiro. Only an estimated 50 Canary Islanders immigrated to Brazil in this century. During the last years of the 19th century, some propaganda leaflets were printed to promote the immigration to Brazil of Canarians to work as laborers. How effective they were is unknown. There were other publications distributed in the Canary Islands that opposed the emigration movement, and the Canarian press depicted a very negative view of the quality of life for migrants in Brazil

>>17791649
>Some ships transporting Canary Islander immigrants to Venezuela during the early 20th century were blown off course and landed in Brazil, the French Antilles, Guayana or Trinidad Island where they were permanently settled, as well as others who immigrated directly to Brazil from the Canary Islands. A few Canarians on vessels headed to Venezuela were shipwrecked on the Brazilian coast in the 1960s

>Due to proximity of Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire to South America and the establishment of economic ties between the Netherlands (the ruler of Curaçao) and Viceroyalty of New Granada (which includes present-day countries of Colombia and Venezuela), Canarian settlers from nearby Venezuela lived on the islands; children from affluent Canarian Venezuelan families were educated on the islands. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as Manuel Piar and Luis Brión were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland (such as Simon Bolivar) regrouped in Curaçao. While many Canarians returned to Venezuela after its independence, many of them remained in Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire

>>17791243 (OP)
REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Nobody answered me where the Yamnaya got their cattle from, only that they were domesticated in or near Anatolia. I thought it was the EHG/CHG because the Yamnaya descend from them despite their homeland not being in Russia and the Caucasus, but in Ukraine, and because the CHG/Iran_N descendants in the Middle East seem to have worshipped cattle more than the IE descendants of the Yamnaya.

I had to search desuarchive recently and the experience was GRIM. The Brazil spammer has been shitting up /his/ for so long now that if you search for anything at all, the only thing you can do is wade through miles and miles of his copypasta.

It's actually REALLY bad that he's allowed to do this. One poster ruined the entire /his/ archive with spam. This is retarded. He's broken so many rules. He CAN be banned for countless reasons: off-topic, trolling, avatarfagging, flooding, spamming, botting with ChatGPT posts, etc.

>>17791706
Why don't you tell me where, how and when the Yamnaya got their cattle instead of complaining about me like a whiny child who lost his safespace on the Internet, jackass?

>>17791706
and how long will it continue like this? it's already unbearable
this thread is just low-quality provocation, look at the thread he made the Rigveda, when confronted by someone who reads things, he invokes his tropical spirit and gives us the concession

>>17791243 (OP)
Both.

>It has been hypothetised that the haplogroup-R Eastern Hunter-Gatherer people (perhaps alongside neighbouring haplogroup-J Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer tribes) were the first to domesticate cattle in northern Mesopotamia some 10,500 years ago. The Eastern Hunter-Gatherer tribes descended from Ancient North Eurasian mammoth hunters, and when mammoths went extinct, they started hunting other large game such as bisons and aurochs. With the increase of the human population in the Fertile Crescent from the beginning of the Neolithic (starting 12,000 years ago), selective hunting and culling of herds started replacing indiscriminate killing of wild animals. The increased involvement of humans in the life of aurochs, wild boars and goats led to their progressive taming. Cattle herders probably maintained a nomadic or semi-nomadic existence, while other people in the Fertile Crescent (presumably represented by haplogroups E1b1b, G and T) settled down to cultivate the land or keep smaller domesticates

>The analysis of bovine DNA has revealed that all the taurine cattle (Bos taurus) alive today descend from a population of only 80 aurochs. The earliest evidence of cattle domestication dates from circa 8,500 BCE in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. The two oldest archaeological sites showing signs of cattle domestication are the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern Iraq, two sites only 250 km away from each others. This is presumably the area from which R1b lineages started expanding - or in other words the "original homeland" of Yamnaya

>>17791698
>The highest genetic diversity within haplogroup G of Anatolian Neolithic Farmers is found in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, between the Levant and the Caucasus, which is a good indicator of its region of origin

>>17792123

>>17792157

>>17791404
this is unironically true for nafri admixture in latin americans. most of it comes from spaniards

>>17791298
Another day, another attempt by the world's least favourite group of Levantines to retcon their way into the history books of a civilisation that's descended from West Siberian steppe nomads. For some reason, I find it hard to believe that the WSH autonym was borrowed from a bunch of desert nomads living 5,000km to the southwest, rather than it being an autochthonous word.

>>17793402
Cope, Yamnayamutts are the ones trying to we wuzzing Levantines: >>17789110