What significant theological or philosophical movements in history failed to emerge or were severely stunted but had a great potential to change history?

>>17869363 (OP)
Probably Zoroastrianism getting nuked. Also institutionalized science would've emerged centuries earlier from the arabs if not for their lack of a secular/sacred distinction unlike the west, so science was constrained by ideology and couldn't take off in universities.

>>17869390
If we are talking about arabs you can also add Mu'tazillas being defeated by obscurantists. Imagine more science-minded Islam.