Thread 64284886

In order for the Russian SMO to succeed and occupy the entirety of Ukraine in 2 weeks they'd have needed an invasion force of at least 1.5 million men which is the same amount manpower required for the soviet invasion of Manchuria (roughly the size of Ukraine) back in WW2 that wiped out the main IJA force stationed in China.
But Putin somehow thought he could pull it off with just 190k men while being outnumbered by the defenders?: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria

>>64284886 (OP)
the thing is monke and friends were high off their own supply and genuinely thought all of Ukraine would fold just like that, and then were too far in to not run back home

Russia is making a huge push and will finish the war by end of October. It's over.

>>64284886 (OP)
Anon, the first part of the invasion relied on the hopes that Ukraine pulls a ANA/2014 crimea and there being a lack of western support. It was a gamble that lead to the consistent goal post moving. He was also Hoping that he can copy what the us did in Iraq where bush sent less soldiers than what was recommended and still succeeded.

>>64284896
The ANA folding like paper after the US withdrawal of Afghanistan gave them the false impression that Ukraine would fold just as quickly since Russian nuclear deterrence would have prevented direct US and NATO intervention. They were right with the latter but not the former.

>>64284886 (OP)
The problem is that even with those numbers that Russians would have shit the bed thanks to logistics crunch and overall corruption in the supply side.

>>64284901
More like Putin wanted another Georgian invasion but on a country 8x bigger.

>>64284908
vatnik propagandist on pol and other places were making connection in how succesful ukraine invasion was in early days to iraq one. Then they stopped and started shifting goalpost

>>64284908
That's especially retarded being as though several points of the Georgian invasion were touch and go for the vatnigs

>>64284905
With that much "mass", no amount of Drones or artillery would have stopped them from punching through the Ukrainian defense lines in Donbass that are still standing today. Don't forget that US and NATO's battle plan for Ukraine summer offensive was to concentrate all their forces into one point in order to punch through Russian defense lines, expecting at leas 30%+ casualties.

>>64284908
Which is funny considering that the Georgian invasion had similar fuckups on Russia's side of things. Like the fact that they even had an entire column of trucks that ran out of gas just sitting on the road for hours on end.

>>64284934
I mean it would've been worse for Ukraine for sure, but punching through the lines is irrelevant if you can't take advantage of it. Russia would've needed far more exercises involving those troops, as well as some military reforms to make it capable of handling such operations.

>>64284934
i understand that russian lives are worthless but what's the point of sending tens or hundreds of thousands of men into prepared defense lines when other areas of the border were completely defenseless?
they faced no resistance from the north and the east, they could've outflanked much of the ukrainian army.
in the end even with the men they initially deployed they could've taken kiev if their logistics wasn't so fucked up, it's ridiculous that an army like russia doesn't think of bringing fuel and food and batteries to sustain their advance, they could've ended the war in march 2022.

>>64285060
Literally the Russians did in WW2 to defeat the germans.

>>64285060
>with the men they initially deployed they could've taken kiev if their logistics wasn't so fucked up
They could have completed the encirclement, unlike what actually happened. But taking a city of that size is a huge undertaking and there are very few historical instances of it happening.
Russians couldn't even capture Kharkiv or Sumy and took months to take Mariupol.

>>64284934
The problem with Russia is logistics.

They couldn't even maintain the fuel for their armoured push into Kyiv with the numbers they had.

>>64284934
Anon, they can't use their "mass", that the problem, their logistic can barely support what they have now.

>>64284886 (OP)
The Russians already had so much trouble with the force they initially sent that there were whole columns out of gas and food. They were clearly already at their maximum logi capacity. Multiplying the size of their force by almost 9x would have absolutely ruined them. I don't think it's so much that they thought they could get away with sending less troops so much as it was that they couldn't manage more. You have to remember that Russia is not the USSR. They are simply not capable of feats the Soviet Union may have been able to pull in it's heyday. I'd wager the Russians would have literally gassed themselves out MUCH earlier with FAR larger columns just sat stuck on the highways. The ONLY value it would've had is if a force that size could intimidate Ukraine into immediate capitulation. Just sending a larger force is only a valid answer for a country that can support that larger force. If they'd sent your 1.5 million man force the war probably would've ended in the first year due to total logistics collapse on the Russian side. They wouldn't have just been able to directly multiply their logi force, they would've had to increase it beyond that and they clearly just flat did not have the ability to do so.

>>64284886 (OP)
That estimate/comparison makes no adjustment for modern weaponry and the relatively large force projection that a few soldiers can wrought on attackers

>>64285155
And that’s without saying anything about the ineptitude of the russian military that many posters have pointed out

>>64284949
Was it Georgia too where the attack was delayed by a command vehicle running into a ditch and breaking its radio?

>>64285065
This was the whole strategy in ww2, you ran out of bullets before we ran out of men, literal animals in Muskovya

>>64285155
As an example I’m thinking of the video of ukranians ambushing a russian column with a single nlaw, hitting a lead vehicle and stopping the entire advance of 10+ armored vehicles

>>64284898
yeah a huge push to bankrupt themselves completely and win the darwin award

Putin and co thought parking tanks and dropping vdv near capital will scare ukr govnt enough to surrender or to escape to Lviv or Poland and then everything will collapse allowing ez bloodless occupation like Crimea-2014 for most of Ukr. early on rus prop narratives were "Zelensky is already in Warsaw" and "there is no more AFU", also cope maps with big red arrows and epic pockets. by the end of March they finally realized that plan failed, a bit later they started recruiting convicts and everyone in Donbabwe

>>64284886 (OP)
Russia had been spending billions bribing the Ukrainian military to fold, but the GRU officers were convinced an invasion was retarded and wouldn't ever happen, so it was largely embezzled into mansions and yachts in the west.

>>64284904
the nook thing is a just an excuse. reality is what has been observed consistently in the last 80 years since at least ww2. US is a pozzia simp. Whenever they get in a dangerous situation because of their own stupidity US consistently will interfere and bail them out

which makes this whole regional war quite an dilemma. No matter how much east euros bleed out ziggers, wreck their economy and even ack monke, the zombie empire cant truly die as US is their ultimate life insurance. Its so extreme americans would rather station troops in siberia along the china border then ever risk places like amur-vladivostok being reclaimed by changs

>>64285065
in ww2 they had US and UK to take care of the faggy logistics to support their lemming spam. To put it into perspective without food aid alone by late 1942 there would have been a general famine raging through all fronts and rear as with the capture of ukraine vatnik union lost about 1/3 of its food production

>>64285151
>You have to remember that Russia is not the USSR.
yes it is. same shit they pulled in their special military disaster is word for word exactly what was going on in winter war. Before that you find similarities in WW1 and the russo-japanese wars

Stop confusing ww2 east front performance or red alert 2 depiction of fictional soviets as something normal for vatniks. As they were roided up by gullible american idiots solving their systematic problems for them

>>64284886 (OP)
he didn't want to occupy the entirety of ukraine he wanted to install his own government and take only the eastern part
a failed buffer state that can only cause problems for the EU is much more practical

because in 2014 they were extraordinarily successful and basically massacred AFU whenever they wanted to with AFU being so incompetent they routinely called airstrikes on themselves and were goaded into barraging their own columns

somehow they did their homework in those 8 years though

They probably intended to make up for the lack of overall military strength with the shock of the capital assault and decapitation attack.

>>64284898
>Russia will finish the war by end of October
>but there is a nuance...

>>64285190
>@historylegends

>>64284886 (OP)
The Ruskies WERE very close.

The initial days of the war were fucking uncertain if they'd capture Kiev and kill the leadership in the country, since they still had relatively normal equipment before they were reduced to motorbikes and donkeys.

If Agent Orange was in charge, I think Ukraine would have lost more territory, if not lost outright, because the EU can only follow after the US instead of leading the charge themselves.

So they'd have none of the military equipment sent to them that gave us footage of Russian helicopters, tanks, and jets being destroyed.

We are now laughing at Russian incompetence, but I will never forget the uncertainty in 2022 because all the Ruskies would have needed was for the West to "compromise" and make them do nothing other than issue "strong condemnations."

>>64285193
>Before that you find similarities in WW1 and the russo-japanese wars
Also that one article from 1854 that gets posted occasionally, attributing the Russian empire's shortcomings in the Crimean war to institutional problems which sound very familiar to a present-day reader (and were surely not new even when it was written).
It seems like the true redpill on the Russian revolution is that all the bloodshed didn't fundamentally change anything.

>>64285193
My post wasn't me saying "USSR STRONK!!!", it was more along the lines of "holy shit modern Russia's military logistics is exceptionally awful". However incompetent you believe the USSR to have been modern Russia is notably worse. Modern Russia has all the corruption and none of the institutional power behind it to force things to work at least somewhat.

This whole conflict is basically Putin trying to convince the world Russia is still strong like USSR and it's blown up in his face proving to everyone they're significantly weaker than they want us all to believe. The entire point is modern Russia couldn't hope to sustain OP's 1.5 million man force.

>>64285151
Not to mention that logistics suffers from the tyranny of the rocket equation to some degree. Logistics trucks need fuel too, the drivers need food, and you need more logistics to take care of those, so the more logistics you have, the more logistics you need. A 10 times larger force doesn't need 10 times more logistics, it needs more

its something that really fascinates me is how much material and men russia lost in this war, and after 4 years of it theres no way any sane person will call this any kind of victory. i know russians like to talk shit on the intrenet because they really have nothing else to bring them anything in real life (lashing out is better/safer then confronting corrupt authority so they do this instead), but whats amazing to me is how you saw russia enter this war with full on propaganda about how advance their army war, all the latest tech, advanced training, etc, and now after 4 years they are just sending infantry wave attacks to make 1-2km advances every few months. incredible

>>64285274
>Also that one article from 1854 that gets posted occasionally, attributing the Russian empire's shortcomings in the Crimean war to institutional problems which sound very familiar to a present-day reader
the most celebrated Russian literature is largely about the diversity of angles in which Russia sucks, the most celebrated political systems in Russia are about keeping producing inspiration for Russian artists

>>64284886 (OP)
Russia miscalculated, then improved, and is know winning.

Sure, they thought Ukrainians wouldn't be stupid enough to fight back, but since they did they will now have their entire male population decimated so the other globohomo client states learn to not poke the bear.

>>64285418
>russia miscalculated
understatement
>then improved
no lol
>and is now winning
no lol
>t-they thought ukrainians w-wouldn't be stupid enough to fight back
you're either retarded or you're a loser so desperate for attention that you pretend to be retarded online, which is it?

>>64285422
Go look at a map, ukraine has been losing land nonstop for 2 years

>>64285430
I looked at a map and saw three cauldroons with zizzling pozzians inside.

>>64285436
yeah thats why their army is much smaller yet has many times more deserters than russia

>>64285430
The snail has already gotten past Berlin, anon.

Did you know that in the 90s some scammer pretending to be a literal magician got rusniggers to "charge" the water with his "magical energies" by placing bottles with water right in front of TVs.
That's the kind of context might explain the kind of magical thinking required to spam shit like >64285418 >64285430
(no (You)s for you, negro)

>>64285444
>russia isn't winning fast enough
Don't you ever get tired of this lmao

Were there plans for the establishment of forward supply depots and the shuttling of supply convoys?

>>64285430
Buddy the map isn't proving your point >>64284898

>>64285455
Its pointless showing the parts where there is no fighting going on, show only the donbas

Oh, it's that shill who types like an underage retard and always adds "lol" and "lmao" trying to make it look like he's not seething.
You can always tell it's him by the typing style.

>>64285451
>Don't you ever get tired of this lmao
As long as we get to see russians suffering gruesome, lonely deaths - no, not anytime soon.

>>64285475
med now timmy

>and you will be astonished at how he recoils, how injured he is, how he suddenly shrinks back: “I've been found out.”
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA
Like clockwork.
To the conscription office, pidorashka

>>64285430
and russia has been losing strategically nonstop for 2 years
also
>losing land
yeah, less than ww1 levels of land exchange lmao
>>64285451
>russia isn't winning fast enough
no, they're just not winning, period.
>>64285469
>p-please zoom in to the tiny part of the map where russia can still provide a little pressure
not helping your case

>>64284898
>It's over.
Again.

>>64285500
>timmy
you're an obvious zoomer outsider and everyone instantly notices when you sperg out.

>>64285091
>couldn't even maintain the fuel
>oil and gas country
So what is thier retardation? No fuel trucks? I know of construction companies that have better fleets.

>>64285521
He really types like a teenager and always spams the same low-IQ shit like "russia's winning lol".
I wonder if he's actually underage or just mentally stunted.

>>64285418
>they thought Ukrainians wouldn't be stupid enough to fight back
Ukrainians have hated Russians for many generations. Who are you?

>>64285531
refining it into useful product probably.
and storage, as ukraine has hit a ton of storage sites meant to be buffer, meaning fuel has to be trucked out from much further away directly to the front.

>>64285533
Again, why not both?

>>64285533
he certainly types like a zoomer.

>>64285536
>fuel has to be trucked out from much further away directly to the front.
But even in the first days, the column stalled out.

>>64285475
>Oh, it's that shill who types like an underage retard and always adds "lol" and "lmao" trying to make it look like he's not seething.
>You can always tell it's him by the typing style
Bot post. You're not real.

The presence of pipelines and huge central heating systems appears to be hindering the development of fuel logistics.

>>64284886 (OP)
They could have taken Manchuria with 190k men, maybe less. The Japanese were completely spent at point. They had no supplies, no morale, were dying of disease and starvation. It was a mercy killing.

>>64285546
calm down zigger, is your job on the line or something?

>>64285451
When you call it 'desert storm on steriods' being slower than a snail is a worthy thing to say. But I'll give you an example. In the War of 1812, the USA invaded Canada and got beaten by fudds and beaver fuckers. Then the Brits finished off Napoleon and started coming over. The Brits took territory of the USA and remade a former colony. They took land, so the Brits won, right? Well then the peace deal came and everything went back to where it was, the land was given back to USA and everything was fine.

See? Taking territory doesn't work if your ultimate goals aren't achieved.

>>64285616
It would have been Desert Storm on steroids had the Ukrainians folded like the Iraqis did, instead of fighting tooth and nail for each trench line and foxhole like the Chinese and North Koreans did back in Korea.

>>64285193
>ww2 east front performance
You mean hordes of unwashed pesants getting forced to run at machine guns, getting mowed down, and the mobiks who retreat get shot by the comissars?

>>64285691
They didn't fight tooth and nail, they executed a surprisingly well organised defence in depth and picked apart the Russian columns when they got overextended and ran out of fuel

>>64285710
How do you explain Bakhmut then?

>>64285555
>Japanese were completely spent at point
They were exhusted from all the raping.

>>64285716
Nta but I can. Bakhmut was meant to be a road hump for Russia. The idea was to hold Russia back a week or so in order to prepare the defences further back in a much better position. Instead Russia failed to push through and it became a symbol of resistance for Ukraine. So they ended up reinforcing it more than they expected to. Wagner was deployed so Russia could claim nobody fell taking it. Which then eventually caused the Priggy Heresy. Which had he had the balls to pull it off, could have been brilliant for Ukraine. Sadly, no.

>>64285555
>>64285725
So exhausted that still managed to inflict 80k+ casualties onto US troops in Okinawa.

>>64285163
He was pretty close, it was more like Desert Storm on krokodil

>>64285157
Russian command had to borrow satellite phones from the reporters covering the conflict to communicate with their forces.

>>64285739
Those were fresh crack troops straight out of the Ninja Academy.

>>64285739
>yokoyama
What a dumb name. No wonder they lost.

>>64285761
The Village Hidden in the Hills

>>64285739
>the elite troops with the best weapons on Okinawa were the same as the unsupplied conscripts on Manchuria.
The Japanese were utterly steamrolled in Manchuria. They were totally done. Hundreds of thousands got captured in a matter of days, and it's not like they surrendered with the understanding it was an easy out. There were summary executions, torture, and many thousands spent the rest of their lives getting worked to death as slave labor in the USSR.
You're comparing apples and oranges. This conflict is nothing like what went down in Manchuria.

>>64284904
>ANA folding like paper after the US withdrawal of Afghanistan gave them the false impression that Ukraine would fold
Nothing to do with afghanistan.
Reasons are purely internal russian. Putin and his system are believers in "color revolutions" theory and lack of agency for 99.9% of people. I.e "give cash and orders to key figures and our will will be done. everyone else either won't care what kind of rag is on the flagpole, or would be a puppet of our puppets".
By the start of invasion they thought that everyone who had to be bought was bought and ordered what to do, and there will be no county-wide organized resistance.
It's entirely a product of thought of mediocre ex-glowie, surrounded by enablers.

>>64285151
The USSR collapsed because they couldn't afford to take care and properly use all the shit they had to begin with, because their understanding of economics was terrible and they couldn't understand there was a problem until it was too late.

Then their political system tried to correct course too little too late and it collapsed.

Soviet economics were very focused on production and assumed making more of anything was always good. They didn't use the notion of added value which means that if they had doubled their car production they viewed this as a good thing, even if they could not afford to use and maintain all those cars. When using the notion of added value there's a demand in cars and making more than necessary is wasteful.

This plus their inability to understand the demands and incentives of their own population meant that they ran out of steam trying to maintain the largest tank, artillery and nuclear forces of the world.

When they tried flexing their muscles again the Kursk sank and they couldn't even retrieve it themselves, after trying and failing they had to hire a Dutch company to do it.

>>64285531
The issue is organization and doctrine. The 40km traffic jam was caused by whatever logistics officer ordering trucks repeatedly onto that road without knowing what's going on at the front. Of course there will be a traffic jam if you order a million trucks into a traffic jam. The fact that the traffic jam was 40km long shows Russia has the basic resources to run a logistics train, resources require organization and you need to practice that system once it has been set.

>>64284886 (OP)
Obviously he thought the modern technology would've bridged the gap.

>>64285803
>The USSR collapsed because
You need to watch the Netflix documentary 'Turing Point', esp episode 7 and 8. Everyone on /k/ should just start at episode 1.

>>64285839
>'Turing Point'
??

>>64285862
Sorry: Turning Point: The Bomb And The Cold War https://share.google/St1GNYtQ14j8Vq9SQ

>>64285181
>a bit later they started recruiting convicts and everyone in Donbabwe
Donbabwe "recruitment" started less than a week before invasion, not after. Under the guise of "a planned military exercise for reserve personnel, nothing unusual, they'll be back after two weeks of sort of camping".
Speculation is, lpr/dpr had an "agreement" with russia to have a large battle ready standing army just in case for something like that in exchange for russian gibs, but didn't really fulfill their end of the bargain. Forced mobilization was something like doing your assignment night before the due date.

Also worth remembering falseflags of "here look, hohols crossed the russian border and attacked fsb outpost in rostov oblast - with this lone btr without troops or markings; and here - they bombed an empty uaz of some important dpr dude on an empty parking lot(under lot of cameras)!"; and a leak(or "leak") of attack plan(called "mongoose's lunge" lmao, if anyone remembers).
Something was clearly afoot, but few could imagine. I personally though that there would be a falseflag involving mobilized of donbass, akin to "attacking russian peacekeepers" in georgia - claim hohols shelled/bombed a camp of peaceful "exercising" mobiks, invoke "mutual defence agreement" and roll into donbass in full force to "liberate republics up to their lawful borders". Might have been more successful than what happened in reality.

>>64285785
American's lost several times to a -Cock in 1812.

>>64285739
>Kwantung Army is stripped of men and material for years to reinforce Japanese positions elsewhere against US forces
>at the tail end of the war the USSR, backed and supplied by the US, attacks a skeletonized and underequipped Kwantung army and defeats them

>>64286062
So how come the US never managed to achieve such swift victories against Japan while being supplied by the US despite facing way less Japanese troops?

>>64285408
>the most celebrated Russian literature is largely about the diversity of angles in which Russia sucks, the most celebrated political systems in Russia are about keeping producing inspiration for Russian artists
The greatest Russian achievement is profound suffering, alcoholism, and epic literature on suffering and alcoholism.

>>64285176
Why are jeets of all stripes & dogmas so bottomlessly fecund?

>>64284886 (OP)
if we take the level of military power of ww2 and the weapons id say 2.2 million to 2.8

>>64285839
>>64285866
>seriously recommending a Netflix doc
What has /k/ come to?

>>64284886 (OP)
Well, the 1991 Gulf war was over a million men. The 2003 invasion was significantly smaller. Shit can be optimized. The Russians are just stupid.

>>64286098
Turns out amphibious operations against a dug-in, supplied, and reinforced enemy that fights to the death are much more difficult than maneuver warfare against an operationally degraded enemy who sees a 20% desertion rate once combat starts and whose government surrenders to the USA and stops fighting.

>>64286098
>huge land border
Vs
>lots of small islands with heavily entrenched positions
Gee idk anon

>>64286098
>the US
>being supplied by the US

>>64284886 (OP)
more there are a lot of big cities in ukrainem try 2 million plus paramilitaries and police

>>64284898
yeah

>>64286098
>the US never managed to achieve such swift victories against Japan while being supplied by the US

>>64286098
Have you heard of this thing called an "ocean"? There's one between the US and Japan.
Pro tip- meat wave tactics do not work if your pidors need to swim across an ocean. You should know this since they can't even cross a river with pontoons.

>>64285616
It also effectively ended any true Native American resistance as well, since Britain was the largest supplier of fire arms to Native Americas and The Treaty of Ghent conclusively stopped that.

Basically, The War of 1812 ensured Manifest Destiny for the US.

>>64284886 (OP)
>that wiped out the main IJA force stationed in China.
IJA was a joke though

>>64284934
My brown friend, with 1.5 million retards at the border they'd have even worse issues with roads, mines, fuel and ammo. Simple as.

>>64284896
Petrinism and its consecuences have been a distaster for the human species.

>>64285531
>So what is thier retardation? No fuel trucks?
The retardation is that IRL things don't magically scale or teleport.
1. You send more fuel trucks --> you can't send more soldiers --> less soldiers reach the front line --> they are more easily keked by ukies.
2. You send less fuel trucks -> tanks, IFVs, APCs and MRAPs run out of fuel and become sitting ducks for ukie attacks;
3. You try to send more of both -> you get the famous 40 km long traffic jam;

>>64284898
excellent bait

>>64285181
>bloodless occupation like Crimea-2014
Which is a propaganda myth you got sold by the russians. It wasn't in no way bloodless. They've not only killed ukie soldiers during their glowie operation of taking over military objects, but also "disappeared" thousands of local civilians.

>>64285691
>It would have been
>I would have be straight if I didn't fuck with men

>>64285691
>it would have been
The UN coalition didn’t try an airdrop on Baghdad in contested airspace without any reinforcements.

>>64285901
>Speculation is, lpr/dpr had an "agreement" with russia
You are naive, LDNR+ never existed IRL, it was always just an occupation regime from russia

>Berlin, 1945
>2.5M men
>6k tanks to use as battering rams
>artillery leading the way with 1 million shells launched

Yea, no way were they doing it even with 1.5 million.

>>64285418
Double shift for your H-1B visa Ramesh? Good to know you are still trying to make those 100,000 bucks.

>>64285531
Corruption, that's it. Further compound by dutch disease.

>>64286163
Supply and demand. The more jeets you can cram into a sweatshop the less you have pay each of them.

>>64246310
>>64246310
>>64246310

All current events go in /pol/

>>64286935
warfare is /k/

>>64284886 (OP)
Half of the reason was he really thought Ukraine was being ruled by "Nazis" and that the moment the Russians pushed in half the Ukrainian army would instantly surrender and the populace would rise up and Greet Russia as liberators.

They drank their own koolaid. Even now Russians continue to not understand why Ukrainians hate them

>>64286935
>current event
The Battle of Kyiv was three and a half years ago.

>>64286948
Even the ethnic Russians living in Ukraine hate Russians.

>>64286935
Find or make a thread you actually want to participate in instead of trying to play hall monitor you glorious winged faggot.

It's explicitly a weapons discussion. How do you keep all those tanks rolling? How do you keep those AKs fed? It's looking awful hard for Russia already because logistics is critical to the function of weapons on a grander scale. OP brought up a scenario of a 1.5 million man invasion force that would have made the logistics situation, and thus their ability to effectively use their weapons, SIGNIFICANTLY worse. God awful logistics is why there was a time where the humble farm tractor preyed upon MBTs, IFVs, mobile SAMs, and SPAAGs.

>>64285531
>So what is thier retardation? No fuel trucks?
"Planning" to yolo their entire invasion force down a single highway.

>>64286832
You sure?:>>64285739

>>64286948
>he really thought
He never thought that, it's just a propaganda piece for retards. Sure, there's this element of getting high on your own supply of propaganda, but still.

>>64287044
Yes, that was mostly on US Army being retarded. There was a ton of retardation in the american armed forces, including the navy branch (*cough* Ernest King *cough*).