>>514144373
Parasites interact in complex ways within a single host, leading to both positive and negative outcomes. These interactions include direct and indirect competition for host resources, such as nutrients and space. They can also involve immune-mediated effects, where parasites alter the host's immune system, creating an environment that can either inhibit or benefit other parasites. In some cases, parasites can even influence each other's behavior or transmission through host manipulation, acting as ecosystem engineers within the host
Social parasites interact in complex ways within a single society, leading to both positive and negative outcomes. These interactions include direct and indirect competition for resources, such as money, influence, or attention. They can also involve institutional or cultural effects, where one parasite alters the βimmune systemβ of the society β its norms, laws, or defenses β creating an environment that can either inhibit or benefit others. In some cases, social parasites can even influence each otherβs behavior or transmission through manipulation, acting as ecosystem engineers within the social body.