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Drugs
Many drugs either deplete GSH directly or increase oxidative load:
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) — major depleter; overdose causes GSH crash
Aspirin (high doses)
NSAIDs — ibuprofen, naproxen (long-term use)
Statins — may reduce glutathione levels in some tissues
Antibiotics — especially:
Gentamicin
Ciprofloxacin
Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin, valproate)
Chemotherapy agents (e.g., cisplatin, doxorubicin)
Antipsychotics — e.g., haloperidol
Immunosuppressants — e.g., cyclosporine
Environmental Toxins & Chemicals
These increase oxidative stress, consuming glutathione:
Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic)
Alcohol — chronic use depletes glutathione, especially in liver
Tobacco smoke — induces oxidative stress
Air pollution
Pesticides
Plasticizers — e.g., BPA, phthalates
Solvents — benzene, toluene, etc.
Dietary Factors That May Lower Glutathione
High sugar intake — increases oxidative stress
Highly processed foods — lacking precursors and antioxidants
Excessive alcohol
Low-protein diets — reduce availability of cysteine and glycine
Neutral or Conditional Interactions
These depend on context (dose, duration, genetics):
Exercise — acute exercise may temporarily lower GSH, but long-term increases it via adaptation
Fasting/Caloric restriction — may enhance glutathione through hormetic stress
Psychological stress — chronic stress depletes GSH
Infections — increase demand for glutathione