>>519709516 (OP)
In March 1991, about 76% of voters across the USSR supported preserving the Union in some form (“a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics”). However, several key factors led to its collapse anyway:
1. Republic-level power grabs: Leaders like Boris Yeltsin in Russia, Leonid Kravchuk in Ukraine, and others were already asserting sovereignty and building independent state structures, effectively ignoring the referendum’s result.
2. The failed August Coup (1991): Hardline communists tried to seize control to stop reforms. The coup collapsed, but it fatally weakened the central government and discredited the Communist Party.
3. Elite and bureaucratic defection: Soviet ministries, military units, and even media began answering to republican governments instead of Moscow.
4. Economic chaos: Shortages, inflation, and collapsing trade networks eroded public confidence and made maintaining the union politically and logistically harder.
5. The Belavezha Accords (December 1991): Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus leaders signed an agreement dissolving the USSR and creating the CIS — effectively ending the Union without a new national referendum.
So while most ordinary citizens wanted to keep the USSR — reformed but united — the elite’s counter revolution made its survival practically impossible.