Kaja = buff on ally
Unda = debuff on enemy

Taru = attack
Raku = defense
Suku = hit rate / evasion

Taru - kaja = cast attack buff on one ally
Ma - taru - kaja = cast attack buff on party
Taru - nda = cast attack debuff on one enemy
Ma - taru - nda = cast attack debuff on enemy party

Suku - kaja = cast hit rate / evasion buff on one ally
Ma - suku - kaja = cast hit rate / evasion buff on party
Suku - nda = cast hit rate / evasion debuff on one enemy
Ma - suku - nda = cast hit rate / evasion debuff on enemy party

I played over 80 hours of Metaphor and I still never tried to understand this. It's not so bad when you see it actually explained though, and it's pretty clever of course. But man...menu sure looks like gibberish sometimes.