Israel’s high birth rate masks deep socioeconomic challenges, experts warn

Rapid population growth in ultra-Orthodox and Arab communities coincides with low education levels and male employment rates; experts warn this combination could cost economy billions and undermine long-term security and social stability

While Israel’s overall fertility rate stood at 2.9 children per woman in 2023 — significantly higher than the OECD average of 1.5 — much of this growth occurs among groups with education levels comparable to those in developing countries. The ultra-Orthodox Jewish community, where male employment rates are low and wages are significantly below average, exemplifies this challenge.

“If Israel does not halt the combination of high birth rates, inadequate education and widespread workforce non-participation, the country risks its long-term survival,” said Prof. Dan Ben-David, president of the Shoresh Institution for Socioeconomic Research.
Data from the World Bank shows Israel’s fertility rate is almost double that of Mexico, the next highest in the OECD, and far exceeds the global average of 2.2 children per woman. Neighboring countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon all have lower fertility rates.