One thing I've always noticed differentiates the "modern" european empires vs the ancient ones, is the lack of prominence of the masculine in its imagery. The british empire was a woman with a lion, and its most notorious queen, is a queen. A woman. The masculine element is not foundational. It's only useful. For "duty" to the queen. To the "nation".
So I've did some research.
If we look at the distribution of J2 and R1b Z2103, two haplogroups associated with mycenaeans and anatolians, we notice, that at least for the european part of the distribution, it looks suspiciously like the Roman Empire borders.
If we harmonize with data about east med autosomal admix, we notice that the Y-DNA contribution, leaving aside Italy and Greece, is extremely unbalanced to the percentage of total autosomal. Sometimes it's 2X.
This is comparable to Iberian levels of Y-DNA replacement in South America terms of ratio, obviously less recent, and overall less impactful in absolute numbers, but the ratio is insane. Basically a mass cucking. The only one in European recorded history? To not mention the massive civilizational misogyny of Greeks. In all periods.
Are there any other examples of empires or tribes that had this much of unbalanced male mediated admixture in europe proper? (Aside from IE obv) Are the romans, to this day, the most masculine empire europe has ever seen?
Excuse the sotadic zone post (not really)