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The Inca surge began in 1438 when Pachacuti became emperor and began to conquer neighboring tribes. This expansion grew into a massive empire, lasting until the arrival of the Spanish in the 1530s. While the Inca kingdom was founded around 1200, its rapid expansion into a vast empire occurred after 1438.

After Inca Huayna Capac died however, his sons Huascar and Atahualpa fought for the throne starting a succession crisis. Huascar claimed legitimacy from Cusco: the traditional capital, while Atahualpa had the support of the northern army based in Quito. Their dispute, a brutal civil war, severely weakened the Inca Empire just before the Spanish arrived!