>>2166834
>>2166848
Monarchs were objectively at their most powerful during the 1500s and 1600s when they consolidated control from the nobles, eventually exercising absolute control and forming administrative structures instead of tardwrangling a bunch of dukes and barons, hence the "age of absolutism". In this time most countries also practiced mercantilism which gave the state, thus the monarch, more control over the economy than the burghers had. EU4 actually tries to simulate this with its absolutism value and crownland system, unfortunately it fails to really be historical since estate privileges usually give more benefit than absolutism.
Historically the bourgeoisie triumphing over the aristocracy happened in the late 1700s and early 1800s with the rise of free trade, industrialization, and proper capitalism which allowed those who owned the means of production (in this case the new capitalist class which arose from the burghers) much more economic power over the landed gentry of the ancien regimes because titles and dynasties don't mean shit when some guy is making ten times the wealth of nobles by selling factory-made textiles.