>>520556575
If you want a more empirical evaluation I'd suggest Kevin MacDonald's Separation and its Discontents. He talks about Christianity in the Roman empire as a social identity process specifically to attack Jews, who were the dominant ethnic group in the late Roman empire. It was universalistic by design, because Jews are particularistic. It united the disparate ethnic groups across the empire that were all individually too weak to attack the Jews one-on-one but once united under the church, they were able to pressure the emperor into increasingly tightening the noose around the Jews until they were driven out of the empire altogether in the Byzantine period. And this was quite an accomplishment, as the Jews were a major source of tax revenue for the empire. It was similar to the mass expulsions of Jews out of western Europe; the entire population would pull together an enormous sum of gold to pay the king off and make it worth his while to expel them