>>516603490
>The SLC24A5 in Ethiopia maintains a substantial frequency with Semitic and Cushitic speaking populations, compared with Omotic, Nilotic or Niger-Congo speaking groups. It is inferred that it may have arrived into the region via migration from the Levant, which is also supported by linguistic evidence. In the San people, it was acquired from interactions with Eastern African pastoralists. Meanwhile, in the case of East Asia and the Americas, a variation of the MFSD12 gene is responsible for lighter skin colour. The modern association between skin tone and latitude is thus a relatively recent development
>According to Crawford et al. (2017), most of the genetic variants associated with light and dark pigmentation appear to have originated more than 300,000 years ago. frican, South Asian and Australo-Melanesian populations also carry derived alleles for dark skin pigmentation that are not found in Europeans or East Asians. Huang et al. (2021) found the existence of "selective pressure on light pigmentation in the ancestral population of Europeans and East Asians", prior to the divergence of their ancestors. Skin pigmentation was also found to be affected by directional selection towards darker skin among Africans, as well as lighter skin among Eurasians. Crawford et al. (2017) found evidence for the emergence of alleles associated with lighter and darker pigmentation prior to the origin of modern humans at c. 300kya
>The predominance of lighter skin among East Asians can be traced back to the positive selection for the rs1800414-G allele thought to date back to the Late Palaeolithic period (c. 25–30 kya), following the northward migration of modern humans from South/Southeast Asia. This allele is distinct from that observed among West Eurasians
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>>17991376
Or just look at Africa today: The nilo-saharan pastoralist groups of Sudan have the blackest skin in the continent. DESPITE them having substantial Eurasian ancestry, they are still darker and less lactose tolerant than Niger-Congo Bantu speakers.
The East: Siberians have darker skin than the Northern Chinese, despite being much further north--for the exact same reason (the latter are agriculturally adapted).
We also know that light skin has a disadvantage in sun: folate depletion. Staying in sunlight depletes folate. An outdoor lifestyle (steppe) would deplete much more folate than a sedentary lifestyle (farming, settled fishing, settled dairy). Many dark skinned races also literally cannot synthesize vitamin D from the sun, look it up. Modern whites need only 10 minutes in summer sun to create a full day's worth of D. A dark skinned person can sunbathe for 3 HOURS and still barely make a dent. Thus, sunlight is not a significant source of vitamin D after a certain level of skin pigmentation.
To combat this, most dark skinned races have genes which are cause endogenously high vitamin D levels irrespective of sunlight exposure. The Yamnaya were 90% positive for such a mutation. Modern whites are about 20%. rs7940244
In general, ceterus paribus:
>steppe = darker, settled = lighter
>fish = darker, meat = intermediate, lactoveg = lighter
>equator = darker, poles = lighter
Yamnaya were steppe, meat, and more southerly than the peoples they conquered.
Or just look at Africa today: The nilo-saharan pastoralist groups of Sudan have the blackest skin in the continent. DESPITE them having substantial Eurasian ancestry, they are still darker and less lactose tolerant than Niger-Congo Bantu speakers.
The East: Siberians have darker skin than the Northern Chinese, despite being much further north--for the exact same reason (the latter are agriculturally adapted).
We also know that light skin has a disadvantage in sun: folate depletion. Staying in sunlight depletes folate. An outdoor lifestyle (steppe) would deplete much more folate than a sedentary lifestyle (farming, settled fishing, settled dairy). Many dark skinned races also literally cannot synthesize vitamin D from the sun, look it up. Modern whites need only 10 minutes in summer sun to create a full day's worth of D. A dark skinned person can sunbathe for 3 HOURS and still barely make a dent. Thus, sunlight is not a significant source of vitamin D after a certain level of skin pigmentation.
To combat this, most dark skinned races have genes which are cause endogenously high vitamin D levels irrespective of sunlight exposure. The Yamnaya were 90% positive for such a mutation. Modern whites are about 20%. rs7940244
In general, ceterus paribus:
>steppe = darker, settled = lighter
>fish = darker, meat = intermediate, lactoveg = lighter
>equator = darker, poles = lighter
Yamnaya were steppe, meat, and more southerly than the peoples they conquered.
>>17951769
>Various Greek myths make reference to the kingdom of "Aethiopia" said to be somewhere in Asia. This kingdom in the myth of Andromeda was placed at Joppa in Phoenicia. Stephanus of Byzantium (c. 500 CE) asserted that the name of Joppa (Yoppa) itself was a contraction of "Aethiopia", and that in antiquity its rule had extended eastward as far as Babylonia
>Cepheus and Cassiopeia, the parents of Andromeda, are presented as the king and queen of Joppa. Pliny the Elder observed a tradition that associated a rock off the coast of Joppa with the mythical rock where Andromeda had been chained. However, the Argonautica says Perseus' "return flight" took him "above the sands of Libya [Africa]".
>Several notable personalities in Greek and medieval literature were identified as Aethiopian, including several rulers, male and female: Memnon and his brother Emathion, King of Arabia. Homer in his description of the Trojan War mentions several other Aethiopians, including Epaphus. Ptolemy the geographer and other ancient Greek commentators believed that the "Aethiopian Olympus" was where the gods lived when they were not in Greece
>The name Aethiopia was also occasionally connected with other locations in Asia, such as Lydia or elsewhere in Asia Minor, the Zagros Mountains, or India. After about 400 CE, there was particularly a great deal of confusion among Mediaeval European geographers as to whether Aethiopia was located in remotest Africa or Asia
>Various Greek myths make reference to the kingdom of "Aethiopia" said to be somewhere in Asia. This kingdom in the myth of Andromeda was placed at Joppa in Phoenicia. Stephanus of Byzantium (c. 500 CE) asserted that the name of Joppa (Yoppa) itself was a contraction of "Aethiopia", and that in antiquity its rule had extended eastward as far as Babylonia
>Cepheus and Cassiopeia, the parents of Andromeda, are presented as the king and queen of Joppa. Pliny the Elder observed a tradition that associated a rock off the coast of Joppa with the mythical rock where Andromeda had been chained. However, the Argonautica says Perseus' "return flight" took him "above the sands of Libya [Africa]".
>Several notable personalities in Greek and medieval literature were identified as Aethiopian, including several rulers, male and female: Memnon and his brother Emathion, King of Arabia. Homer in his description of the Trojan War mentions several other Aethiopians, including Epaphus. Ptolemy the geographer and other ancient Greek commentators believed that the "Aethiopian Olympus" was where the gods lived when they were not in Greece
>The name Aethiopia was also occasionally connected with other locations in Asia, such as Lydia or elsewhere in Asia Minor, the Zagros Mountains, or India. After about 400 CE, there was particularly a great deal of confusion among Mediaeval European geographers as to whether Aethiopia was located in remotest Africa or Asia