>>712788736The cheating bit ties directly into World 6's gameplay and dropping the ring (i.e. Tim's wedding ring). If you read the World 6 intro books it should be clear. He's trying to get with other women but they take note of his wedding ring, which is a red flag, and avoid engaging deeply with him. So he starts taking it off and hiding it to prevent it becoming a barrier, even if he feels deep guilt about his actions. All this culminates with the world 6 portrait which shows him giving up and finally abandoning the ring in some random garbage can in the city.
Broadly speaking the overarching theme of Braid is obsession with unobtainable ideals and the consequences of pursuing them no matter the cost. The main "plot" of the game ties into that theme separately from the allegorical stories in the epilogue. The candy store story, for example, I believe the child is meant to represent "mankind" and the woman "mother nature". I'm not sure about "it-from-bit" but magnetic monopoles are kind of a fabled physics thingy, like a perpetual motion machine, and "ethical calculus" probably refers to a concept of a logical and mathematically provable (i.e. absolutely correct) system of morality. I would also say the child's struggling and temptation to use any means, including violence, to get his way, and the woman's habit of always tempting the child by walking him in front of the candy store where these things are just so close and visible but impossible to reach, are also a big part of this allegory. Think of World 1 and the princess running right above you, for example. Close but unreachable (unless you have the stars of course, which can only be themselves obtained through obsessive behavior, such as waiting 2 hours for that stupid cloud to move).