>>24615105Don't make the mistake of equating the Second Temple Hebrews, the true Hebrews, with the post-70 AD diasporic "Jews," who are Pharisees, preferring the "oral Torah" (proto-rabbinical) tradition to the devotional prophetic-messianic tradition that was growing during the Second Temple period. The prophetic-messianic tradition produced a lot of gnostics, mystics, and ultimately Christians, as it inspired non-Jews with its talk of a loving God who wants you to transcend this world and its hypocrisy and pagan delights.
There is a very good book by Eckstein and Botticini about what happened to the Hebrew religion after the destruction of the Second Temple: farming-class, pietistic Hebrews gradually converted to Christianity or to "Jewish Christianity," and over time the Jewish Christian sects were absorbed into Christianity, while the "Jews" drew from urban merchant elites who could afford to send their kids to prestigious and costly Torah study (costly because in the ancient world it was a big deal to sacrifice multiple sons to study Torah when they could be at home working on and ultimately inheriting the family farm or business).
After the destruction of the Temple but before the arrival of Islam, the "Jews" were mostly in decline, as urban commerce was on the decline on the eastern Mediterranean due to all the wars between Rome and Persia. With every passing generation, more of them would join a more devotional, pietistic, Christian-adjacent form of Hebrew religiosity, like the Nazarenes and Ebionites, because they simply couldn't afford to stay in this literate mercantile elite. But then Islam came along and created a Mediterranean-spanning empire that had lots of lucrative roles for "Jewish" elite go-betweens, so the diasporic "Jewish" population had a boom. Pirenne says that a LOT of the slave trade of the late Roman and early Islamic Mediterranean was "Jews" enslaving Christians by the way.
Subsequent rabbinical-gaonic "Judaism" has very little to do with the ancient Hebrews, and next to nothing to do with what made Second Temple Hebrew religion beautiful and inspiring. It's a purely this-worldly religion of quasi-secular ethnocentric merchant elites. "Jews" are just white collar gypsies (liminal criminal profiteers), networked across Europe and the Islamic world by their linguistic training and go-between status.